Born in England on April 9, 1830, Edward Muybridge (Fig. 1) was a pioneer who analyzed sequential motion photographs using multiple cameras and invented the zoopraxiscope, a forerunner of motion pictures (Fig. 2). His biography is charged with passion, adventure, betrayal, murder, and genius, and it depicts his curiosity and observation of human locomotion, biomechanics, and clinical neurology. His remarkable contributions to photography and motion pictures are revered, while his head injury and its cognitive and legal implications are still a matter of debate. This article critically analyzes the proposed role of orbitofrontal and temporal cortex injury in his altered behavior and artistic excellence.
muybridge complete human and animal locomotion pdf download
Once he mastered the wet-collodion process, Muybridge returned to America.6,12,17 Although he had no memories of the days preceding the accident or the event itself, he had a sense of time being stopped and suspended with his near-death experience.6,12,17 He was moving fast and suddenly time stopped.6,12,17 This very much influenced his perception of the surrounding world and his ability to express himself artistically. He started observing animals and humans in motion, capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate or fractionated movements. Then, back in America, he began to explore time through artistically deconstructing it in photographs to assemble it back into its regular flow through motion pictures. His reputation as a photographer reached new heights after his photography of Yosemite and San Francisco in 1867. His Yosemite Valley work involved images taken from challenging angles that offered both a thrill and an adventure. To the viewer it was an enigma to capture nature in such an unorganized and disjointed, angular way. He loved chaos and the Darwinian theory that destroys the peace of divine order and opens the door to the age of anxiety.24 He also enjoyed taking photographs of the defiant nature of the Native Americans; one picture in particular has a man pointing an arrow directly at the camera.
MISCELLANEOUS TEXTSThe following internal links will take you to transcriptions of various texts, and scans of articles.AND: more HERE and HERE 'Mr. Muybridge at the Royal Institution.' Photographic News 17 March 1882. 'Instantaneous photography v. eyesight.' British Journal of Photography 21 July, 1882. Mr. Muybridge and Professor Marey have photographed the invisible; Mr. Galton has followed up their work by rendering visible to the eye the invisible. 'Muybridge vs Stanford. Suit of the Artist for Damages for the Governor's Horse Book.' Salt Lake Daily Tribune 30 January, 1883. 'Introductory' from the fifth edition of The Human Figure in Motion... An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Muscular Actions, by Eadweard Muybridge (London: Chapman and Hall, 1919). EXTRACT FROM: Oral history interview with Sol Lewitt, 1974 July 15, re: MUYBRIDGE 1 and MUYBRIDGE 2DOWNLOAD pdf January 1899, London book dealer Bernard Quaritch offers second-hand copy, full set of 781 Animal Locomotion plates for sale, at one hundred and five pounds. This 4-page brochure gives information on number of full sets sold. BARNES COLLECTIONDOWNLOAD pdf The Century Magazine, Vol.XXIV, No.3, July 1882. 'The Horse in Motion', review article by George E. Waring, Jnr. PRIVATE COLLECTIONDOWNLOAD pdf The Magazine of Art, Vol.VI, 1883. 'The Paces of the Horse in Art', by W.G. Simpson. Article promoted by publication of Stillman's The Horse in Motion, and Marey's Animal mechanism. PRIVATE COLLECTIONDOWNLOAD pdf The Stanford-Muybridge Motion Pictures of 1878-79, by Walter. E. Miles. Reprint from The Bulletin of the Minnesota Federation of Architectural and Engineering Societies, September 1929. STEPHEN HERBERT COLLECTION DOWNLOAD pdf Eadweard Muybridge. The real father of cinematography, by Bernard Alfieri. Article from Courier magazine, Vol. 36, No.1, January 1961. STEPHEN HERBERT COLLECTION. Note: it has not been possible to establish the copyright situation for this article; it will be withdrawn on request of copyright owner. Downloadable files on this website are for private research use only.The following books are available for free download from the Internet Archive.Descriptive Zoopraxography, or, The science of animal locomotion made popular by Eadweard Muybridge ([Philadelphia]: University of Pennsylvania 1893) Animal Locomotion. The Muybridge work at the University of Pennsylvania. The method and the result, by W.D. Marks, H. Allen, F.X. Dercum (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1888)The Horse in Motion: as shown by instantaneous photography, with a study on animal mechanics founded on anatomy and the revelations of the camera, in which is demonstrated the theory of quadrupedal locomotion, by Dr. J.D.B. Stillman (Boston: J. R. Osgood and company 1882)The following is available for free download from the University of Pennsylvania Archives.Prospectus and Catalogue of PlatesAnimal Locomotion: an Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements by Eadweard MuybridgeThis prospectus provides detailed information about the photographic process, equipment and staff. The catalog carefully records data about each photograph, including the subject, model, costume, type of movement, camera angles and time intervals.At the same web address:Letters written by MuybridgeLetters written about Muybridge and the Animal Locomotion project HOME
Today, Muybridge is best known for his pioneering chronophotography of animal locomotion between 1878 and 1886, which used multiple cameras to capture the different positions in a stride, and for his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting painted motion pictures from glass discs that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography.[5] From 1883 to 1886, he entered a very productive period at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in motion, occasionally capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate moments in time.
Stanford also wanted a proper picture of the horse at full speed, and was frustrated that the existing depictions and descriptions seemed incorrect. The human eye could not fully break down the action at the quick gaits of the trot and gallop. Up until this time, most artists painted horses at a trot with one foot always on the ground; and at a full gallop with the front legs extended forward and the hind legs extended to the rear, and all feet off the ground.[61] There are stories that Stanford had made a $25,000 bet on his theories about horse locomotion, but no evidence has been found of such a wager. Instead, it has been estimated that he would spend a total of $50,000 over the next several years, to fund his investigations.[62]
In 1884, Eakins briefly worked alongside Muybridge, to learn more about the application of photography to the study of human and animal motion. Eakins later favoured the use of multiple exposures superimposed on a single photographic negative to study motion more precisely, while Muybridge continued to use multiple cameras to produce separate images which could also be projected by his zoopraxiscope.[82][6]
During bipedal locomotor activities, humans use elements of quadrupedal neuronal limb control. Evolutionary constraints can help inform the historical ancestry for preservation of these core control elements support transfer of the huge body of quadrupedal non-human animal literature to human rehabilitation. In particular, this has translational applications for neurological rehabilitation after neurotrauma where interlimb coordination is lost or compromised. The present state of the field supports including arm activity in addition to leg activity as a component of gait retraining after neurotrauma.
During human walking, one leg must support the body in stance, while the other limb moves through the swing phase to facilitate forward progression. The critical role of this integration is clearly revealed by its dysregulation in neurotrauma and resulting uncoordinated and inefficient locomotion. When normal walking coordination is disrupted by a stroke or other injury, walking function often suffers. Indeed, the degree of asymmetry in walking coordination following stroke correlates with stages of motor recovery, walking speed and number of falls (Brandstater et al. 1983; Olney et al. 1994; Titianova and Tarkka 1995). The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence from cats and non-human related to interlimb coordination and extend this to arm and leg interactions during human locomotion. This is centred around concepts related to evolutionary conservation of mechanisms, functions of arm and leg coupling during locomotion, and translation of this work to clinical neurorehabilitation. Regaining locomotor function after stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), and traumatic brain injury, amongst others, is a primary goal in rehabilitation. Understanding and exploring preserved evolutionary interlimb connections may provide an opportunity to optimize functional recovery and quality of life.
On the African savanna, standing up on the hindlimbs and walking upright in bipedal locomotion may have emerged as a survival advantage in viewing, intercepting or avoiding predators, prey, and foraging items [see summary in (Sockol et al. 2007)]. For example, bipedal locomotor behaviour in the chimpanzee and orangutan may have arisen from arboreal foraging (Thorpe et al. 2007). When seeking fruit while climbing horizontally on branches, these primates often stand up and grasp at branches to enhance stability. The more slender distal branches offer less support reinforcing the need to seek stability by grasping a branch with the upper limbs. The coupling between the limbs had to change from locomotor control to parallel, symbiotic systems used for posture, support and gathering. This contributor to the acquisition of bipedal locomotor behaviour in primates parallels development in human infants when upright standing and locomotion are acquired (Ivanenko et al. 2007), as both behaviours are related to exploration of novel environments. Environmental cues may influence both human developmental acquisition of bipedalism as well as the exploitation of bipedal locomotion on an evolutionary timeline. 2ff7e9595c
Comments